Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), commonly known as an enlarged prostate, is a condition where the prostate gland increases in size, often affecting men after the age of 40. The exact cause of BPH is not well understood, but it is believed to be linked to hormonal changes that occur with aging, particularly the balance of testosterone and estrogen. Genetic factors and a family history of prostate issues may also contribute to the development of BPH. Symptoms of BPH can vary in severity and may include frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia), difficulty starting and stopping urination, weak urine stream, and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. In some cases, it can lead to urinary tract infections or bladder stones due to the inability to fully empty the bladder.

Diagnosing BPH typically involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests. During a physical examination, a digital rectal exam (DRE) is performed to assess the size and condition of the prostate. Additionally, urine tests can help rule out infections or other conditions that might cause similar symptoms. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test may also be conducted to measure PSA levels, which can be elevated in men with BPH. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI can provide detailed pictures of the prostate and urinary system. In some cases, a urodynamic test might be recommended to assess how well the bladder and urethra are functioning. Together, these diagnostic tools help in confirming the presence of BPH and determining the most appropriate treatment options.