Urinary bladder cancer originates in the cells lining the bladder, which is the organ responsible for storing urine. The exact cause of bladder cancer is not always clear, but certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include smoking, which significantly raises the risk, exposure to certain chemicals (especially in industrial settings), and a history of chronic bladder infections or irritation. Genetic mutations and family history can also play a role. Symptoms of bladder cancer often include blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urination, painful urination, and pelvic pain. If these symptoms persist, it is crucial to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause.

Diagnosing urinary bladder cancer typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests. A cystoscopy, where a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder, allows for direct visualization and biopsy of any suspicious areas. Urine tests and imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, may also be used to assess the extent of the disease and detect any spread. Treatment options depend on the cancer’s stage and grade and may include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiation therapy. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans are essential for improving outcomes and managing bladder cancer effectively.