Infertility can result from various factors affecting either partner, or both. In women, common causes include hormonal imbalances, ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockages, and endometriosis. Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids or polyps, can also impede conception. For men, infertility often stems from low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or structural abnormalities in the reproductive tract. Lifestyle factors, such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and obesity, can further exacerbate these issues. Additionally, age plays a significant role, with fertility typically declining as both partners grow older. Identifying the underlying cause is crucial for determining the most effective treatment.

Symptoms of infertility are often subtle and can vary depending on the underlying cause. For women, irregular menstrual cycles, painful periods, or difficulty maintaining a pregnancy may be indicators. Men may experience issues such as low libido, erectile dysfunction, or changes in sexual function. To diagnose infertility, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted, which may include a series of tests. For women, this often involves blood tests to assess hormone levels, pelvic ultrasounds, and hysterosalpingography (HSG) to check for blockages in the fallopian tubes. Men may undergo semen analysis to evaluate sperm count and quality. A detailed medical history and physical examination are also critical in pinpointing the causes and developing a personalized treatment plan.